The literature review also helps to support your research problem and rationalize why your study is necessary by identifying gaps in the literature and methodological weaknesses of previous studies. Below is what not to include in your literature review. Do not include purely historical or informational material, such as information from websites Feb 22, · My literature review is divided into five parts, all addressing the main topic. I have used the thematic approach, and I need to know if I should add the five subparts of the literature review in the table of contents under level two headings or mention the literature review. E.g., Chapter 2: Literature Review Effects of Social Isolation Analysis. The literature review uncovered 20 distinct design elements commonly discussed in research that affect user engagement. They were (1) organization – is the website logically organized, (2) content utility – is the information provided useful or interesting, (3) navigation – is the website easy to navigate, (4) graphical representation – does the website utilize icons
Review related literature and studies
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. The literature on implementing Electronic Health Records EHR in hospitals is very diverse. The objective of this study is to create an overview of the existing literature on EHR implementation in hospitals and to identify generally applicable findings and lessons for implementers, literature review web services. A systematic literature review of empirical research on EHR implementation was conducted, literature review web services.
Databases used included Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Relevant references in the selected articles were also analyzed.
Search terms included Electronic Health Record and synonymsimplementation, and hospital and synonyms. Articles had to meet the following requirements: 1 written in English, 2 full text available online, 3 based on primary empirical data, 4 focused on hospital-wide EHR implementation, and 5 satisfying established quality criteria.
Of the initially identified articles, this study analyzes the 21 articles that met the requirements. From these articles, 19 interventions were identified that are generally applicable and these were placed in a framework consisting of the following three interacting dimensions: 1 EHR context, 2 EHR content, and 3 EHR implementation process.
Although EHR systems are anticipated as having positive effects on the performance of hospitals, their implementation is a complex undertaking. This systematic review reveals reasons for this complexity and presents a framework of 19 interventions that can help overcome typical problems in EHR implementation.
This framework can function as a reference for implementers in developing effective EHR implementation strategies for hospitals. In recent years, Electronic Health Records EHRs have been implemented by an ever increasing number of hospitals around the world. There have, for example, been initiatives, often driven by government regulations or financial stimulations, in the USA [ 1 ], the United Kingdom [ 2 ] and Denmark [ 3 ].
EHR systems have various forms, and the term can relate to a broad range of electronic information systems used in health care. EHR systems can be used in individual organizations, as interoperating systems in affiliated health care units, on a regional level, or nationwide [ 12 ]. Health care units that use EHRs include hospitals, pharmacies, general practitioner surgeries, and other health care providers [ 7 ].
The implementation of hospital-wide EHR systems is a complex matter involving a range of organizational and technical factors including human skills, organizational structure, culture, literature review web services, technical infrastructure, financial resources, and coordination [ 89 ].
As Grimson et al. Boonstra and Govers [ 10 ] provide three reasons why hospitals differ from many other industries, and these differences might also affect EHR implementations.
The first reason is that hospitals have multiple objectives, such as curing and caring for patients, and educating new physicians and nurses. Second, hospitals have complicated and highly varied structures and processes.
Third, hospitals have a varied workforce including medical professionals who possess high levels of expertise, power, and autonomy. These distinct characteristics justify a study that focuses on the identification and analysis of the findings literature review web services previous studies on EHR implementation in hospitals.
In dealing with the complexity of EHR implementation in hospitals, it is helpful to know which factors are seen as important in the literature and to capture the existing knowledge on EHR implementation in hospitals.
As such, the objective of this research is to identify, categorize, and analyze the existing findings in the literature on EHR implementation processes in hospitals. This could contribute to greater insight into the underlying patterns and complex relationships involved in EHR implementation and could identify ways to tackle EHR implementation problems, literature review web services. In other words, this study focusses on the identification of factors that determine the progress of EHR implementation in hospitals, literature review web services.
The motives behind implementing EHRs in hospitals and the effects on performance of implemented EHR systems are beyond the scope of this paper. To our knowledge, there have been no systematic reviews of the literature concerning EHR implementation in hospitals and this article therefore fills that gap.
Two interesting related review studies on EHR implementation are Keshavjee et al. The study of Keshavjee et al. McGinn et al. Both studies are not explicitly focused on hospitals and include other contexts such as small clinics and national or regional EHR initiatives.
This systematic review is explicitly focused on hospital-wide, single hospital EHR implementations and identifies empirical studies that include collected primary data literature review web services reflect this situation. This model has been widely applied in case study research into organizational contexts [ 14 ], as well as in studies on the implementation of health care innovations [ 15 ].
It generates insights literature review web services analyzing three interactive dimensions — contextcontentand process — that together shape organizational change. This framework was specifically selected for its focus on organizational change, its ease of understanding, and its relatively general dimensions allowing a broad range of findings to be included.
The framework structures and focusses literature review web services analysis of the findings from the selected articles. External context refers to the social, economic, political, and competitive environments in which an organization operates. The internal context refers to the structure, culture, resources, literature review web services, capabilities, and politics literature review web services an organization.
The content covers the specific areas of the transformation under examination. In an EHR implementation, these are the EHR system literature review web services both hardware and softwarethe work processes, and everything related to these e.
social conditions. The process dimension concerns the processes of change, made up of the plans, actions, reactions, and interactions of the stakeholders, rather than work processes in general. It is important to note that Pettigrew [ 13 ] does not see strategic change as a rational analytical process but rather as an iterative, continuous, multilevel process.
This highlights that the outcome of an organizational change will be determined by the context, literature review web services, content, and process of that change.
The framework with its three categories, shown in Figure 1illustrates the conceptual model used to categorize the findings of this systematic literature review.
In the literature, several terms are used to refer to electronic medical information systems. In this article, literature review web services, the term Electronic Health Record EHR is used throughout. Commonly used terms identified by ISO the International Organization for Standardization [ 16 ] plus another not identified by ISO are outlined below and used in our search.
ISO uses different terms to describe various types of EHRs. These include Electronic Medical Record EMRwhich is similar to an EHR but restricted to the medical domain. The terms Electronic Patient Record EPR and Computerized Patient Record CPR are also identified.
Häyrinen et al. Another term seen is Electronic Healthcare Record EHCR which refers to a system that contains all the available health information on a patient [ 17 ] and can thus be seen as synonymous with EHR [ 16 ]. A term often found in the literature is Computerized Physician Order Entry CPOE.
Although this term is not mentioned by ISO [ 16 ] or by Häyrinen et al. First, it is considered by many to be a key hospital-wide function of an EHR system e. Literature review web services, from a preliminary analysis of our initial results, we found that, from the perspective of the implementation process, comparable issues and factors emerged from both CPOEs and EHRs.
Third, the implementation of a comprehensive electronic medical record requires physicians to make direct order entries [ 19 ]. Kaushal et al. Other terms found in the literature were not included in this review as they were considered either irrelevant or too broadly defined. Examples of such terms are Electronic Client Record ECRPersonal Health Record PHRliterature review web services, Digital Medical Record DMRHealth Information Technology HITand Clinical Information System CIS.
In order for a systematic literature review to be comprehensive, it is essential that all terms relevant to the aim of the research are covered in the search.
Further, we need to include relevant synonyms and related terms, both for electronic medical information systems and for hospitals. Further, by including a? as a wildcard character, every possible combination is included in the search. The search used three categories of keywords.
This relatively large set of keywords was necessary to ensure that articles were not missed in the search, and required a large number of search strategies to cover all those keywords. As we were seeking papers about the implementation of electronic medical literature review web services systems in hospitalsthe search strategies included the terms shown in Table 1.
Each of these two searches yielded one additional article. The following three search engines were chosen based on their relevance to the field and their accessibility by the researcher: Web of knowledge, EBSCO, and The Cochrane Library.
Most search engines use several databases but not all of them were relevant for this research as they serve a wide literature review web services of fields. Appendix A provides an overview of the databases used.
The reference lists included in articles that met the selection criteria were checked for other possibly relevant studies that had not been identified in the database search. The articles identified from the various search strategies had to be academic peer-reviewed articles if they were to be included in our review.
Further, they were assessed and had to satisfy the following criteria to be included: 1 written in English, 2 full text available online, 3 based on primary empirical data, 4 focused on hospital-wide EHR implementation, and 5 meeting established quality criteria, literature review web services. A long list of abstracts was generated, and all of them were independently reviewed by two of the authors.
They independently reviewed the abstracts, eliminated duplicates and shortlisted abstracts for detailed review, literature review web services. When opinions differed, a final decision over inclusion was made following a discussion between the researchers. The quality of the articles that survived this filtering was assessed by the first two authors using the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers [ 18 ].
In other words, the quality of the articles was jointly assessed by evaluating whether specific criteria had been addressed, resulting in a rating of 2 fully addressed1 partly addressedor 0 not addressed for each criteria. Different questions are posed for qualitative and quantitative research and, in the event of a mixed-method study, both questionnaires were used. Papers were included if they received at least half of the total possible points, admittedly a relatively liberal cut-off point literature review web services comments in the Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers [ 20 ].
The next step was to extract the findings of the reviewed articles and to analyze these with the aim literature review web services reaching general findings on the implementation of EHR systems in hospitals. Categorizing these general findings can increase clarity.
As our review is specifically literature review web services at identifying findings related to the implementation process, possible motives for introducing such a system, as well as its effects and outcomes, literature review web services, are outside its scope.
The authors held frequent discussions between themselves to discuss the meaning and the categorization of the general findings.
Applying the 18 search strategies listed in Table 1 with the various search engines resulted in articles being identified. The searches were carried out on 12 March for search strategies 1—15 and on 18 April for search strategies 16— The latter three strategies were added following a preliminary analysis of the first set of results which highlighted several other terms and descriptions for information technology in health care.
Not surprisingly, many duplicates were included in the articles, both within and between search engines. Using the Refworks functions for identifying exact and close duplicates, duplicates were found. However, this procedure did not identify all the duplicates present and the second author carried out a manual check that identified an additional 23 duplicates.
When removing duplicates, we retained the link to the first search engine that identified the article and, as the Web of Knowledge was the first search engine used, most articles appear to have stemmed from this search engine.
LITERATURE REVIEW tutorial: Writing the literature review real example
, time: 39:36Write a Literature Review Introduction Sample - Your Example
Sep 04, · A systematic literature review of empirical research on EHR implementation was conducted. Databases used included Web of Knowledge, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library. Relevant references in the selected articles were also analyzed. Search terms included Electronic Health Record (and synonyms), implementation, and hospital (and synonyms) Analysis. The literature review uncovered 20 distinct design elements commonly discussed in research that affect user engagement. They were (1) organization – is the website logically organized, (2) content utility – is the information provided useful or interesting, (3) navigation – is the website easy to navigate, (4) graphical representation – does the website utilize icons The literature review also helps to support your research problem and rationalize why your study is necessary by identifying gaps in the literature and methodological weaknesses of previous studies. Below is what not to include in your literature review. Do not include purely historical or informational material, such as information from websites
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